Re: Untitled

From Beige Crocodile, 3 Years ago, written in C++.

This paste is a reply to Untitled from jojo7682345 - go back

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#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include

const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
    }
    else {
        return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
    }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
    std::optional computeFamily;
    std::optional presentFamily;

    bool isComplete() {
        return computeFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
    }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
    std::vector formats;
    std::vector presentModes;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
    void run() {
        initWindow();
        initVulkan();
        mainLoop();
        cleanup();
    }

private:
    GLFWwindow* window;

    VkInstance instance;
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;

    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkDevice device;

    VkQueue computeQueue;
    VkQueue presentQueue;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
    std::vector swapChainImages;
    //std::vector renderTargetImages;
    std::vector renderTargetImageViews;
    VkDeviceMemory renderTargetDeviceMemory;
    VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
    VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
    std::vector swapChainImageViews;

    VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
    VkPipeline pipeline;

    VkCommandPool commandPool;
    std::vector commandBuffers;

    std::vector imageAvailableSemaphores;
    std::vector renderFinishedSemaphores;
    std::vector inFlightFences;
    std::vector imagesInFlight;
    size_t currentFrame = 0;

    VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
    std::vector descriptorSets;
    VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;

    VkSampler imageSampler;

    bool framebufferResized = false;

    void initWindow() {
        glfwInit();

        glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

        window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
        glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
        glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
    }

    static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
        auto app = reinterpret_cast(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
        app->framebufferResized = true;
    }

    void initVulkan() {
        createInstance();
        setupDebugMessenger();
        createSurface();
        pickPhysicalDevice();
        createLogicalDevice();

        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();

        createDescriptorSetLayout();
        createComputePipeline();

        createCommandPool();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createCommandBuffers();

        createSyncObjects();
    }

    void mainLoop() {
        while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
            glfwPollEvents();
            drawFrame();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
    }

    void cleanupSwapChain() {

        vkFreeMemory(device, renderTargetDeviceMemory, nullptr);
        for (auto imageView : renderTargetImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }
        //for (auto image : renderTargetImages) {
        //    vkDestroyImage(device, image, nullptr);
        //}
        vkDestroySampler(device, imageSampler, nullptr);

        vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);

        vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

        vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
        vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

        for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    }

    void cleanup() {
        cleanupSwapChain();

        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
            vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

        vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

        glfwDestroyWindow(window);

        glfwTerminate();
    }

    void recreateSwapChain() {
        int width = 0, height = 0;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
        while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
            glfwWaitEvents();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

        cleanupSwapChain();

        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createComputePipeline();
        createCommandBuffers();

    }

    void createInstance() {
        if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
        }

        VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
        appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
        appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
        appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
        appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

        VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

        auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast(extensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

            populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
            createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

            createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
        }

        if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
        }
    }

    void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
        createInfo = {};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
    }

    void setupDebugMessenger() {
        if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
        populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

        if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
        }
    }

    void createSurface() {
        if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
        }
    }

    void pickPhysicalDevice() {
        uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

        if (deviceCount == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
        }

        std::vector devices(deviceCount);
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

        for (const auto& device : devices) {
            if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
                physicalDevice = device;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
        }
    }

    void createLogicalDevice() {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        std::vector queueCreateInfos;
        std::set uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.computeFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

        float queuePriority = 1.0f;
        for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
            VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
            queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
            queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
            queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
            queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
            queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
        }

        VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
        VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

        createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast(queueCreateInfos.size());
        createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

        createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast(deviceExtensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
        }

        if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
        }

        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.computeFamily.value(), 0, &computeQueue);
        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
    }

    uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
            if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
                return i;
            }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
    }

    void createSwapChain() {
        SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

        VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
        VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
        VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

        uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
        if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
            imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
        }

        VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
        createInfo.surface = surface;

        createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
        for (auto& format : swapChainSupport.formats) {

            if (CheckFormatSupport(physicalDevice, format.format,
                VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_STORAGE_IMAGE_BIT |
                VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) {
                surfaceFormat.format = format.format;
                break;
            }
        }

        createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
        createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
        createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
        createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT;

        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
        uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.computeFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

        if (indices.computeFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
            createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
        }

        createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
        createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
        createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
        createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
        if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
        }

        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
        swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

        swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        swapChainExtent = extent;

        //renderTargetImages.resize(swapChainImages.size());
       /*renderTargetImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
        std::vector memRequirements(swapChainImages.size());
        VkFormat computeFormat{};
        for (auto& format : swapChainSupport.formats) {

                if (CheckFormatSupport(physicalDevice, format.format,
                    VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_STORAGE_IMAGE_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
                    VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) {
                    computeFormat = format.format;
                    break;
                }
            }
        /*for (int i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo{};
            imageCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
            imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT| VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
            imageCreateInfo.flags = 0;
            imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            VkExtent3D imageExtent{};
            imageExtent.depth = 1;
            imageExtent.width = extent.width;
            imageExtent.height = extent.height;
            imageCreateInfo.extent = imageExtent;
            imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

            uint32_t families[] { indices.computeFamily.value(),indices.presentFamily.value() };
            imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            if (indices.computeFamily.value() == indices.presentFamily.value()) {
                imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
            }
            imageCreateInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = families;
            imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

            imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
            imageCreateInfo.format = computeFormat;

           // if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &renderTargetImages[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
             //   throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
            //}

            //VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
            //vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, renderTargetImages[0], &memRequirements[i]);
        }



        /*VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        VkDeviceSize deviceSize = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < renderTargetImages.size(); i++) {
            deviceSize += memRequirements[i].size;
        }
        allocInfo.allocationSize = deviceSize;
        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements[1].memoryTypeBits,
            VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;

        vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &renderTargetDeviceMemory);
        uint32_t offset = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < renderTargetImages.size(); i++) {

            vkBindImageMemory(device, renderTargetImages[i], renderTargetDeviceMemory, offset);
            offset += memRequirements[i].size;

            VkImageViewCreateInfo imageViewInfo{};
            imageViewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
            imageViewInfo.image = renderTargetImages[i];
            imageViewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
            imageViewInfo.format = computeFormat;
            imageViewInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

            if (vkCreateImageView(device, &imageViewInfo, nullptr, &renderTargetImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
            }
        }*/
    }

    void createImageViews() {
        swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

        for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
            createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
            createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
            createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
            createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
            createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

            if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
            }
        }
    }

    void createComputePipeline() {
        auto shader = readFile("shaders/comp.spv");
        VkShaderModule shaderModule = createShaderModule(shader);

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStageInfo{};
        shaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        shaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;
        shaderStageInfo.module = shaderModule;
        shaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
        pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

        if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
        }

        VkComputePipelineCreateInfo info{};
        info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMPUTE_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
        info.layout = pipelineLayout;
        info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
        info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        info.stage = shaderStageInfo;


        if (vkCreateComputePipelines(device,VK_NULL_HANDLE,1,&info,nullptr,&pipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("compute shader");
        }

        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, shaderModule, nullptr);
    }

    void createCommandPool() {
        QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.computeFamily.value();

        if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
        }
    }

    void recordImageBarrier(VkCommandBuffer buffer, VkImage image, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout,
        VkAccessFlags scrAccess, VkAccessFlags dstAccess, VkPipelineStageFlags srcBind, VkPipelineStageFlags dstBind) {
        VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
        barrier.image = image;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
        barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = scrAccess;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = dstAccess;
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
        VkImageSubresourceRange sub{};
        sub.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        sub.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        sub.baseMipLevel = 0;
        sub.layerCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
        sub.levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
        barrier.subresourceRange = sub;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(buffer, srcBind, dstBind,
            0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
    }

    void createCommandBuffers() {
        commandBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());

        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

        if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
            VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
            beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

            if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
            }

            recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT);

            vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pipeline);
            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);
            vkCmdDispatch(commandBuffers[i], 255, 255, 0);

            recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
                VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT);

           /* VkImageCopy copy{};
            copy.dstOffset = { 0,0,0 };
            copy.extent = { swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height,1};
            copy.srcOffset = { 0,0,0 };

            VkImageSubresourceLayers subresource{};
            subresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            subresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            subresource.layerCount = 1;
            subresource.mipLevel = 0;
            copy.srcSubresource = subresource;
            copy.dstSubresource = subresource;

            recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT);

            vkCmdCopyImage(commandBuffers[i], renderTargetImages[i], VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                swapChainImages[i], VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,1,©);

            recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT);

                */
            if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
            }
        }
    }

    void createSyncObjects() {
        imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);

        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

        VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
        fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
        fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
            }
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
        uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
        uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;
        uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = &imageSampler;

        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
        layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        layoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
        layoutInfo.pBindings = &uboLayoutBinding;

        if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorPool() {
        VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize{};
        poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
        poolSize.descriptorCount = static_cast(swapChainImages.size());

        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
        poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;
        poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast(swapChainImages.size());
        if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorSets() {
        std::vector layouts(swapChainImages.size(), descriptorSetLayout);
        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
        allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast(swapChainImages.size());
        allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

        descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
        if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
        }

        VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
        samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
        samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16.0f;
        samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
        samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;

        vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &imageSampler);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkDescriptorImageInfo info{};
            info.imageView = swapChainImageViews[i];
            info.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
            info.sampler = imageSampler;

            VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite{};
            descriptorWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
            descriptorWrite.dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
            descriptorWrite.dstBinding = 0;
            descriptorWrite.dstArrayElement = 0;
            descriptorWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
            descriptorWrite.descriptorCount = 1;
            descriptorWrite.pImageInfo = &info;

            vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);

        }
    }

    void drawFrame() {
        vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

        uint32_t imageIndex;
        VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
            recreateSwapChain();
            return;
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
        }

        if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
        }
        imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

        VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
        VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
        submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

        VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

        vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

        if (vkQueueSubmit(computeQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
        }

        VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
        presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

        presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

        VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
        presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

        presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

        result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
            framebufferResized = false;
            recreateSwapChain();
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
        }

        currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    }

    VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector& code) {
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
        createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast(code.data());

        VkShaderModule shaderModule;
        if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
        }

        return shaderModule;
    }

    bool CheckFormatSupport(VkPhysicalDevice gpu, VkFormat format, VkFormatFeatureFlags requestedSupport) {
        VkFormatProperties vkFormatProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, format, &vkFormatProperties);
        return (vkFormatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & requestedSupport) == requestedSupport;
    }

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector& availableFormats) {
        for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
            if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
                return availableFormat;
            }
        }

        return availableFormats[0];
    }

    VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector& availablePresentModes) {
        for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
            if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
                return availablePresentMode;
            }
        }

        return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
    }

    VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
        if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
            return capabilities.currentExtent;
        }
        else {
            int width, height;
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

            VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
                static_cast(width),
                static_cast(height)
            };

            actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
            actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

            return actualExtent;
        }
    }

    SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        SwapChainSupportDetails details;

        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

        uint32_t formatCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

        if (formatCount != 0) {
            details.formats.resize(formatCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
        }

        uint32_t presentModeCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

        if (presentModeCount != 0) {
            details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
        }

        return details;
    }

    bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

        bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

        bool swapChainAdequate = false;
        if (extensionsSupported) {
            SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
            swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
        }

        return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
    }

    bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        uint32_t extensionCount;
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

        std::vector availableExtensions(extensionCount);
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

        std::set requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

        for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
            requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
        }

        return requiredExtensions.empty();
    }

    QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices;

        uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

        std::vector queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

        int i = 0;
        for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
            if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT) {
                indices.computeFamily = i;
            }

            VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

            if (presentSupport) {
                indices.presentFamily = i;
            }

            if (indices.isComplete()) {
                break;
            }

            i++;
        }

        return indices;
    }

    std::vector getRequiredExtensions() {
        uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
        const char** glfwExtensions;
        glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

        std::vector extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
        }

        return extensions;
    }

    bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
        uint32_t layerCount;
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

        std::vector availableLayers(layerCount);
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

        for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
            bool layerFound = false;

            for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
                if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
                    layerFound = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!layerFound) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    static std::vector readFile(const std::string& filename) {
        std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

        if (!file.is_open()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
        }

        size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
        std::vector buffer(fileSize);

        file.seekg(0);
        file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

        file.close();

        return buffer;
    }

    static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
        std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

        return VK_FALSE;
    }
};

int main() {
    HelloTriangleApplication app;

    try {
        app.run();
    }
    catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

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#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include &lt;GLFW/glfw3.h&gt;

#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;fstream&gt;
#include &lt;stdexcept&gt;
#include &lt;algorithm&gt;
#include &lt;vector&gt;
#include &lt;cstring&gt;
#include &lt;cstdlib&gt; 
#include &lt;cstdint&gt;
#include &lt;optional&gt;
#include &lt;set&gt;

const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector&lt;const char*&gt; validationLayers = {
    &quot;VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation&quot;
};

const std::vector&lt;const char*&gt; deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else 
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, &quot;vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT&quot;);
    if (func != nullptr) {
        return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
    }
    else {
        return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, &quot;vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT&quot;);
    if (func != nullptr) {
        func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
    }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
    std::optional&lt;uint32_t&gt; computeFamily; 
    std::optional&lt;uint32_t&gt; presentFamily;

bool isComplete() {
        return computeFamily.has_value() &amp;&amp; presentFamily.has_value();
    }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
    std::vector&lt;VkSurfaceFormatKHR&gt; formats;
    std::vector&lt;VkPresentModeKHR&gt; presentModes;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
    void run() {
        initWindow();
        initVulkan();
        mainLoop();
        cleanup();
    }

private:
    GLFWwindow* window;

VkInstance instance;
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;

VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkDevice device;

VkQueue computeQueue;
    VkQueue presentQueue;

VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
    std::vector&lt;VkImage&gt; swapChainImages;
    //std::vector&lt;VkImage&gt; renderTargetImages; 
    std::vector&lt;VkImageView&gt; renderTargetImageViews;
    VkDeviceMemory renderTargetDeviceMemory;
    VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
    VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
    std::vector&lt;VkImageView&gt; swapChainImageViews;

VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
    VkPipeline pipeline;

VkCommandPool commandPool;
    std::vector&lt;VkCommandBuffer&gt; commandBuffers;

std::vector&lt;VkSemaphore&gt; imageAvailableSemaphores;
    std::vector&lt;VkSemaphore&gt; renderFinishedSemaphores;
    std::vector&lt;VkFence&gt; inFlightFences;
    std::vector&lt;VkFence&gt; imagesInFlight;
    size_t currentFrame = 0;

VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
    std::vector&lt;VkDescriptorSet&gt; descriptorSets;
    VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;

VkSampler imageSampler;

bool framebufferResized = false;

void initWindow() {
        glfwInit();

glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, &quot;Vulkan&quot;, nullptr, nullptr);
        glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
        glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
    }

static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
        auto app = reinterpret_cast&lt;HelloTriangleApplication*&gt;(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
        app-&gt;framebufferResized = true;
    }

void initVulkan() {
        createInstance();
        setupDebugMessenger();
        createSurface();
        pickPhysicalDevice();
        createLogicalDevice();

createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();

createDescriptorSetLayout();
        createComputePipeline();
        
        createCommandPool();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createCommandBuffers();
        
        createSyncObjects();
    }

void mainLoop() {
        while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
            glfwPollEvents();
            drawFrame();
        }

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
    }

void cleanupSwapChain() {

vkFreeMemory(device, renderTargetDeviceMemory, nullptr);
        for (auto imageView : renderTargetImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }
        //for (auto image : renderTargetImages) {
        //    vkDestroyImage(device, image, nullptr);
        //}
        vkDestroySampler(device, imageSampler, nullptr);

vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);

vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
        vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }

vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    }

void cleanup() {
        cleanupSwapChain();

vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
            vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
        }

vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

if (enableValidationLayers) {
            DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
        }

vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

glfwDestroyWindow(window);

glfwTerminate();
    }

void recreateSwapChain() {
        int width = 0, height = 0;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &amp;width, &amp;height);
        while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &amp;width, &amp;height);
            glfwWaitEvents();
        }

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

cleanupSwapChain();

createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createComputePipeline();
        createCommandBuffers();
        
    }

void createInstance() {
        if (enableValidationLayers &amp;&amp; !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;validation layers requested, but not available!&quot;);
        }

VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
        appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
        appInfo.pApplicationName = &quot;Hello Triangle&quot;;
        appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.pEngineName = &quot;No Engine&quot;;
        appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &amp;appInfo;

auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(extensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
            createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&amp;debugCreateInfo;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
        }

if (vkCreateInstance(&amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create instance!&quot;);
        }
    }

void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT&amp; createInfo) {
        createInfo = {};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
    }

void setupDebugMessenger() {
        if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
        populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to set up debug messenger!&quot;);
        }
    }

void createSurface() {
        if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &amp;surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create window surface!&quot;);
        }
    }

void pickPhysicalDevice() {
        uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &amp;deviceCount, nullptr);

if (deviceCount == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!&quot;);
        }

std::vector&lt;VkPhysicalDevice&gt; devices(deviceCount);
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &amp;deviceCount, devices.data());

for (const auto&amp; device : devices) {
            if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
                physicalDevice = device;
                break;
            }
        }

if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to find a suitable GPU!&quot;);
        }
    }

void createLogicalDevice() {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

std::vector&lt;VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo&gt; queueCreateInfos;
        std::set&lt;uint32_t&gt; uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.computeFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

float queuePriority = 1.0f;
        for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
            VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
            queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
            queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
            queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
            queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &amp;queuePriority;
            queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
        }

VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
        VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(queueCreateInfos.size());
        createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &amp;deviceFeatures;

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(deviceExtensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
        }

if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create logical device!&quot;);
        }

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.computeFamily.value(), 0, &amp;computeQueue);
        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &amp;presentQueue);
    }

uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &amp;memProperties);

for (uint32_t i = 0; i &lt; memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
            if ((typeFilter &amp; (1 &lt;&lt; i)) &amp;&amp; (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags &amp; properties) == properties) {
                return i;
            }
        }

throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to find suitable memory type!&quot;);
    }

void createSwapChain() {
        SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
        VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
        VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
        if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; imageCount &gt; swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
            imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
        }

VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
        createInfo.surface = surface;

createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
        for (auto&amp; format : swapChainSupport.formats) {

if (CheckFormatSupport(physicalDevice, format.format,
                VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_STORAGE_IMAGE_BIT |
                VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) {
                surfaceFormat.format = format.format;
                break;
            }
        }

createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
        createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
        createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
        createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT;

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
        uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.computeFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

if (indices.computeFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
            createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
        }

createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
        createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
        createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
        createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
        if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create swap chain!&quot;);
        }

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &amp;imageCount, nullptr);
        swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &amp;imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        swapChainExtent = extent;

//renderTargetImages.resize(swapChainImages.size());
       /*renderTargetImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
        std::vector&lt;VkMemoryRequirements&gt; memRequirements(swapChainImages.size());
        VkFormat computeFormat{};
        for (auto&amp; format : swapChainSupport.formats) {

if (CheckFormatSupport(physicalDevice, format.format,
                    VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_STORAGE_IMAGE_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
                    VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) {
                    computeFormat = format.format;
                    break;
                }
            }
        /*for (int i = 0; i &lt; swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo{};
            imageCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
            imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT| VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
            imageCreateInfo.flags = 0;
            imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            VkExtent3D imageExtent{};
            imageExtent.depth = 1;
            imageExtent.width = extent.width;
            imageExtent.height = extent.height;
            imageCreateInfo.extent = imageExtent;
            imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

uint32_t families[] { indices.computeFamily.value(),indices.presentFamily.value() };
            imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            if (indices.computeFamily.value() == indices.presentFamily.value()) {
                imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
            }
            imageCreateInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = families;
            imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
            
            imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
            imageCreateInfo.format = computeFormat;

// if (vkCreateImage(device, &amp;imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &amp;renderTargetImages[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
             //   throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create image views!&quot;);
            //}
            
            //VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
            //vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, renderTargetImages[0], &amp;memRequirements[i]);
        }

/*VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        VkDeviceSize deviceSize = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i &lt; renderTargetImages.size(); i++) {
            deviceSize += memRequirements[i].size;
        }
        allocInfo.allocationSize = deviceSize;
        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements[1].memoryTypeBits,
            VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;

vkAllocateMemory(device, &amp;allocInfo, nullptr, &amp;renderTargetDeviceMemory);
        uint32_t offset = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i &lt; renderTargetImages.size(); i++) {

vkBindImageMemory(device, renderTargetImages[i], renderTargetDeviceMemory, offset);
            offset += memRequirements[i].size;

VkImageViewCreateInfo imageViewInfo{};
            imageViewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
            imageViewInfo.image = renderTargetImages[i];
            imageViewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
            imageViewInfo.format = computeFormat;
            imageViewInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            imageViewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

if (vkCreateImageView(device, &amp;imageViewInfo, nullptr, &amp;renderTargetImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create image views!&quot;);
            }
        }*/
    }

void createImageViews() {
        swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
            createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
            createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
            createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
            createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
            createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

if (vkCreateImageView(device, &amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create image views!&quot;);
            }
        }
    }

void createComputePipeline() {
        auto shader = readFile(&quot;shaders/comp.spv&quot;);
        VkShaderModule shaderModule = createShaderModule(shader);

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStageInfo{};
        shaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        shaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;
        shaderStageInfo.module = shaderModule;
        shaderStageInfo.pName = &quot;main&quot;;

VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
        pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &amp;descriptorSetLayout; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &amp;pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &amp;pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create pipeline layout!&quot;);
        }

VkComputePipelineCreateInfo info{};
        info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMPUTE_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
        info.layout = pipelineLayout;
        info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
        info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        info.stage = shaderStageInfo;

if (vkCreateComputePipelines(device,VK_NULL_HANDLE,1,&amp;info,nullptr,&amp;pipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;compute shader&quot;);
        }

vkDestroyShaderModule(device, shaderModule, nullptr);
    }

void createCommandPool() {
        QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.computeFamily.value();

if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &amp;poolInfo, nullptr, &amp;commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create command pool!&quot;);
        }
    }

void recordImageBarrier(VkCommandBuffer buffer, VkImage image, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout,
        VkAccessFlags scrAccess, VkAccessFlags dstAccess, VkPipelineStageFlags srcBind, VkPipelineStageFlags dstBind) {
        VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
        barrier.image = image;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
        barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = scrAccess;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = dstAccess;
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
        VkImageSubresourceRange sub{};
        sub.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        sub.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        sub.baseMipLevel = 0;
        sub.layerCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
        sub.levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
        barrier.subresourceRange = sub;

vkCmdPipelineBarrier(buffer, srcBind, dstBind,
            0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &amp;barrier);
    }

void createCommandBuffers() {
        commandBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());

VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &amp;allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to allocate command buffers!&quot;);
        }

for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
            VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
            beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &amp;beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to begin recording command buffer!&quot;);
            }

recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT);
            
            vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pipeline);
            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &amp;descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);
            vkCmdDispatch(commandBuffers[i], 255, 255, 0);
         
            recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
                VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT);

/* VkImageCopy copy{};
            copy.dstOffset = { 0,0,0 };
            copy.extent = { swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height,1};
            copy.srcOffset = { 0,0,0 };

VkImageSubresourceLayers subresource{};
            subresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            subresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            subresource.layerCount = 1;
            subresource.mipLevel = 0;
            copy.srcSubresource = subresource;
            copy.dstSubresource = subresource;

recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT);

vkCmdCopyImage(commandBuffers[i], renderTargetImages[i], VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                swapChainImages[i], VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,1,&amp;copy);

recordImageBarrier(commandBuffers[i], swapChainImages[i],
                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
                VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT, VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
                VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT);

*/
            if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to record command buffer!&quot;);
            }
        }
    }

void createSyncObjects() {
        imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);

VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
        fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
        fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &amp;semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &amp;imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateSemaphore(device, &amp;semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &amp;renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateFence(device, &amp;fenceInfo, nullptr, &amp;inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!&quot;);
            }
        }
    }

void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
        uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
        uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;
        uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = &amp;imageSampler;

VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
        layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        layoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
        layoutInfo.pBindings = &amp;uboLayoutBinding;

if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &amp;layoutInfo, nullptr, &amp;descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create descriptor set layout!&quot;);
        }
    }

void createDescriptorPool() {
        VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize{};
        poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
        poolSize.descriptorCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(swapChainImages.size());

VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
        poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &amp;poolSize;
        poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(swapChainImages.size());
        if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &amp;poolInfo, nullptr, &amp;descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create descriptor pool!&quot;);
        }
    }

void createDescriptorSets() {
        std::vector&lt;VkDescriptorSetLayout&gt; layouts(swapChainImages.size(), descriptorSetLayout);
        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
        allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(swapChainImages.size());
        allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
        if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &amp;allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to allocate descriptor sets!&quot;);
        }
        
        VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
        samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
        samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16.0f;
        samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK; 
        samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;

vkCreateSampler(device, &amp;samplerInfo, nullptr, &amp;imageSampler);

for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            VkDescriptorImageInfo info{};
            info.imageView = swapChainImageViews[i];
            info.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
            info.sampler = imageSampler;

VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite{};
            descriptorWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
            descriptorWrite.dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
            descriptorWrite.dstBinding = 0;
            descriptorWrite.dstArrayElement = 0;
            descriptorWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE;
            descriptorWrite.descriptorCount = 1;
            descriptorWrite.pImageInfo = &amp;info;

vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &amp;descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
          
        }
    }

void drawFrame() {
        vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &amp;inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

uint32_t imageIndex;
        VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &amp;imageIndex);

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
            recreateSwapChain();
            return;
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS &amp;&amp; result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to acquire swap chain image!&quot;);
        }

if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &amp;imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
        }
        imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
        VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
        submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &amp;commandBuffers[imageIndex];

VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

vkResetFences(device, 1, &amp;inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

if (vkQueueSubmit(computeQueue, 1, &amp;submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to submit draw command buffer!&quot;);
        }

VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
        presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
        presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

presentInfo.pImageIndices = &amp;imageIndex;

result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &amp;presentInfo);

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
            framebufferResized = false;
            recreateSwapChain();
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to present swap chain image!&quot;);
        }

currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    }

VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector&lt;char&gt;&amp; code) {
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
        createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast&lt;const uint32_t*&gt;(code.data());

VkShaderModule shaderModule;
        if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &amp;createInfo, nullptr, &amp;shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to create shader module!&quot;);
        }

return shaderModule;
    }

bool CheckFormatSupport(VkPhysicalDevice gpu, VkFormat format, VkFormatFeatureFlags requestedSupport) {
        VkFormatProperties vkFormatProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, format, &amp;vkFormatProperties);
        return (vkFormatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures &amp; requestedSupport) == requestedSupport;
    }

VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector&lt;VkSurfaceFormatKHR&gt;&amp; availableFormats) {
        for (const auto&amp; availableFormat : availableFormats) {
            if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB &amp;&amp; availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
                return availableFormat;
            }
        }

return availableFormats[0];
    }

VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector&lt;VkPresentModeKHR&gt;&amp; availablePresentModes) {
        for (const auto&amp; availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
            if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
                return availablePresentMode;
            }
        }

return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
    }

VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR&amp; capabilities) {
        if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
            return capabilities.currentExtent;
        }
        else {
            int width, height;
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &amp;width, &amp;height);

VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
                static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(width),
                static_cast&lt;uint32_t&gt;(height)
            };

actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
            actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

return actualExtent;
        }
    }

SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        SwapChainSupportDetails details;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &amp;details.capabilities);

uint32_t formatCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &amp;formatCount, nullptr);

if (formatCount != 0) {
            details.formats.resize(formatCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &amp;formatCount, details.formats.data());
        }

uint32_t presentModeCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &amp;presentModeCount, nullptr);
        
        if (presentModeCount != 0) {
            details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &amp;presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
        }

return details;
    }

bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

bool swapChainAdequate = false;
        if (extensionsSupported) {
            SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
            swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() &amp;&amp; !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
        }

return indices.isComplete() &amp;&amp; extensionsSupported &amp;&amp; swapChainAdequate;
    }

bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        uint32_t extensionCount;
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &amp;extensionCount, nullptr);

std::vector&lt;VkExtensionProperties&gt; availableExtensions(extensionCount);
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &amp;extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

std::set&lt;std::string&gt; requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

for (const auto&amp; extension : availableExtensions) {
            requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
        }

return requiredExtensions.empty();
    }

QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices;

uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &amp;queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

std::vector&lt;VkQueueFamilyProperties&gt; queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &amp;queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

int i = 0;
        for (const auto&amp; queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
            if (queueFamily.queueFlags &amp; VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT) {
                indices.computeFamily = i;
            }

VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &amp;presentSupport);

if (presentSupport) {
                indices.presentFamily = i;
            }

if (indices.isComplete()) {
                break;
            }

i++;
        }

return indices;
    }

std::vector&lt;const char*&gt; getRequiredExtensions() {
        uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
        const char** glfwExtensions;
        glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&amp;glfwExtensionCount);

std::vector&lt;const char*&gt; extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

if (enableValidationLayers) {
            extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
        }

return extensions;
    }

bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
        uint32_t layerCount;
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&amp;layerCount, nullptr);

std::vector&lt;VkLayerProperties&gt; availableLayers(layerCount);
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&amp;layerCount, availableLayers.data());

for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
            bool layerFound = false;

for (const auto&amp; layerProperties : availableLayers) {
                if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
                    layerFound = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

if (!layerFound) {
                return false;
            }
        }

return true;
    }

static std::vector&lt;char&gt; readFile(const std::string&amp; filename) {
        std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

if (!file.is_open()) {
            throw std::runtime_error(&quot;failed to open file!&quot;);
        }

size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
        std::vector&lt;char&gt; buffer(fileSize);

file.seekg(0);
        file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

file.close();

return buffer;
    }

static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
        std::cerr &lt;&lt; &quot;validation layer: &quot; &lt;&lt; pCallbackData-&gt;pMessage &lt;&lt; std::endl;

return VK_FALSE;
    }
};

int main() {
    HelloTriangleApplication app;

try {
        app.run();
    }
    catch (const std::exception&amp; e) {
        std::cerr &lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

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