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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>EZ Python</title><style>@charset "UTF-8";@import 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.9.0-alpha2/katex.min.css';code{color:#c7254e;background-color:#f9f2f4;border-radius:4px}code,kbd{padding:2px 4px}kbd{color:#fff;background-color:#333;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25)}kbd kbd{padding:0;font-size:100%;box-shadow:none}pre{display:block;margin:0 0 10px;word-break:break-all;word-wrap:break-word;color:#333;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px}pre code{padding:0;font-size:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;border-radius:0}.pre-scrollable{max-height:340px;overflow-y:scroll}table{background-color:transparent}th{text-align:left}.table{width:100%;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:20px}.table>thead>tr>th{padding:8px;line-height:1.4285714;border-top:1px solid 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Python Made EZ (and other stuff)

<h1 class="code-line" data-line-start=2 data-line-end=3><a id="H_everyone_2"></a>Hîïíīįì everyone!</h1>

Hope y’all are doing great! School is starting real soon, so I hope <s>you have been studying to get ready</s> you are enjoying the last of vacation!

So I made this tutorial on python so that others can try to learn from it and get better! Hopefully, what I say will be comprehensive and easy to read.

Most of it I will write, but sometimes I will include some stuff from other websites which explain better than me. I will put what I’ve taken in italic, and the sources and helpful links at the bottom.

<hr>

I will be covering:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="17" data-line-end="18"><code>Hello World!</code>: History of Python</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="18" data-line-end="19">Key Terms</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="19" data-line-end="20">Comments</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="20" data-line-end="21"><code>print</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="21" data-line-end="22">Data Types</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="22" data-line-end="26">Variables

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="23" data-line-end="24">Printing Variables</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="24" data-line-end="25">Naming Variables</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="25" data-line-end="26">Changing Variables</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="26" data-line-end="27">Concatenation</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="27" data-line-end="28">Operators</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="28" data-line-end="29">Comparison Operators</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="29" data-line-end="33">Conditionals

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="30" data-line-end="31"><code>if</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="31" data-line-end="32"><code>elif</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="32" data-line-end="33"><code>else</code></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="33" data-line-end="34"><code>input</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="34" data-line-end="35">A Bit of Lists</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="35" data-line-end="36"><code>for</code> Loops</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="36" data-line-end="37"><code>while</code> Loops</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="37" data-line-end="38">Functions</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="38" data-line-end="42">Imports

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="39" data-line-end="40"><code>time</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="40" data-line-end="41"><code>random</code></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="41" data-line-end="42"><code>math</code></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="42" data-line-end="43">Small Programs and Useful Stuff</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="43" data-line-end="44"><code>ANSI</code> Escape Codes</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="44" data-line-end="45">Links</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="45" data-line-end="47"><code>Goodbye World!</code>: End</li>

</ul>

Well without any further ado, let’s get on with it!

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=51 data-line-end=52><a id="Hello_World_History_of_Python_51"></a><code>Hello World!</code>: History of Python</h3>

Python is a general purpose programming language. It was created by Guido Van Rossum and released in 1991. One of the main features of it is its readability, simple syntax, and few keywords, which makes it great for beginners (with no prior experience of coding) to learn it.

Fun fact: Guido Van Rossum was reading the scripts of Monty Python when he was creating the language; he needed “a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious” so he decided to call the language Python.

(Last year we had to make a poem on a important person in Computer Science, so I made one on him: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yf2T2fFaS3Vwk7zkvN1nPOr8XPXJroL1yHI7z5qhaRc/edit?usp=sharing">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yf2T2fFaS3Vwk7zkvN1nPOr8XPXJroL1yHI7z5qhaRc/edit?usp=sharing</a>)

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=60 data-line-end=61><a id="Key_Terms_60"></a>Key Terms</h3>

Now before we continue, just a few words you should know:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="64" data-line-end="66">Console: The black part located at the right/bottom of your screen</li>

</ul>

<img src="https://i.ibb.co/1nspSJ8/intro-console.png" alt="output -1" width="500" height="333">

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="68" data-line-end="70">

Input: stuff that is taken in by the computer (more on this later)

</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="70" data-line-end="72">

Ouput: the information processed and sent out by the computer (usually in the console)

</li>

</ul>

<img src="https://i.ibb.co/VYSd0s2/intro-output.png" alt="output -1" width="500" height="333">

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="74" data-line-end="76">

Errors: actually, a good thing! Don’t worry if you have an error, just try to learn from it and correct it. That’s how you can improve, by knowing how to correct errors.

</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="76" data-line-end="78">

Execute: run a piece of code

</li>

</ul>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=80 data-line-end=81><a id="Comments_80"></a>Comments</h3>

Comments are used for explaining your code, making it more readable, and to prevent execution when testing code.

This is how to comment:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="87" data-line-end="91" class="language-py"># this is a comment

# it starts with a hastag #

# Python will ignore and not run anything after the hastag 

</code></pre>

You can also have multiline comments:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="95" data-line-end="102" class="language-py">"""

this is

a multiline comment

I can make it very long!

"""

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=105 data-line-end=106><a id="print_105"></a>print</h3>

The <code>print()</code> functions is used for outputting a message (object) onto the console. This is how you use it:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="110" data-line-end="117" class="language-py">print("Something.")

# remember this is a comment

# you can use double quotes " 

# or single quotes '

print('Using single quotes')

print("Is the same as using double quotes")

</code></pre>

You can also triple quotes for big messages.

Example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="123" data-line-end="135" class="language-py">print("Hello World!")

print("""

Rules:

[1] Code

[2] Be nice

[3] Lol

[4] Repeat

""")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="139" data-line-end="149">Hello World!

Rules:

[1] Code

[2] Be nice

[3] Lol

[4] Repeat

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=151 data-line-end=152><a id="Data_Types_151"></a>Data Types</h3>

Data types are the classification or categorization of data items.

These are the 4 main data types:

<code>int</code>: (integer) a whole number 

12 is an <code>int</code>, so is 902.

<code>str</code>: (string) a sequence of characters 

“Hi” is a <code>str</code>, so is “New York City”.

<code>float</code>: (float) a combination of string and integers 

-90 is a <code>float</code>, so is 128.84

<code>bool</code>: (boolean) data type with 2 possible values; <code>True</code> and <code>False</code> 

Note that <code>True</code> has a capital <code>T</code> and <code>False</code> has a capital <code>F</code>!

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=172 data-line-end=173><a id="Variables_172"></a>Variables</h3>

Variables are used for containing/storing information.

Example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="179" data-line-end="188" class="language-py">name = "Lucy" # this variable contains a str

age = 25 # this variable contains an int

height = 160.5 # this variable contains a float

can_vote = True # this variable contains a Boolean that is True (because Lucy is 25 y/o)

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=189 data-line-end=190><a id="Printing_variables_189"></a>Printing variables:</h4>

To print variables, you simply do <code>print(variableName)</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="194" data-line-end="199" class="language-py">print(name)

print(age)

print(height)

print(can_vote)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="203" data-line-end="208">Lucy

25

160.5

True

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=209 data-line-end=210><a id="Naming_Variables_209"></a>Naming Variables:</h4>

You should try to make variables with a descriptive name. For example, if you have a variable with an age, an appropriate name would be <code>age</code>, not <code>how_old</code> or <code>number_years</code>.

Some rules for naming variables:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="215" data-line-end="216">must start with a letter (not a number)</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="216" data-line-end="217">no spaces (use underscores)</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="217" data-line-end="219">no keywords (like <code>print</code>, <code>input</code>, <code>or</code>, etc.)</li>

</ul>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=219 data-line-end=220><a id="Changing_Variables_219"></a>Changing Variables:</h4>

You can change variables to other values.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="226" data-line-end="236" class="language-py">x = 18

print(x)

x = 19

print(x)

# the output will be:

# 18

# 19

</code></pre>

As you can see, we have changed the variable <code>x</code> from the initial value of 18 to 19.

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=241 data-line-end=242><a id="Concatenation_241"></a>Concatenation</h3>

Let’s go back to our first 3 variables:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="246" data-line-end="253" class="language-py">name = "Lucy"

age = 25

height = 160.5

</code></pre>

What if we want to make a sentence like this: 

<code>Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.</code>

Of course, we could just print that whole thing like this: 

<code>print("Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.")</code>

But if we want to do this with variables, we could do it something like this:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="263" data-line-end="266" class="language-py">print("Her name is " + name + ", she is " + age + " years old and she measures " + height + " cm.")

# try running this!

</code></pre>

Aha! If you ran it, you should have gotten this error:

<img src="https://i.ibb.co/3skBMM2/concatenation-error.png" alt="output -1" width="500" height="333">

Basically, it means that you cannot concatenate <code>int</code> to <code>str</code>. But what does concatenate mean?

Concatenate means join/link together, like the concatenation of “sand” and “castle” is “sandcastle”

In the previous code, we want to concatenate the bits of sentences ("Her name is ", “, she is”, etc.) as well as the variables (<code>name</code>, <code>age</code>, and <code>height</code>).

Since the computer can only concatenate <code>str</code> together, we simply have to convert those variables into <code>str</code>, like so:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="280" data-line-end="283" class="language-py">print("Her name is " + name + ", she is " + str(age) + " years old and she measures " + str(height) + " cm.")

# since name is already a str, no need to convert it

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="287" data-line-end="289">Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=292 data-line-end=293><a id="Operators_292"></a>Operators</h3>

A symbol or function denoting an operation

Basically operators can be used in math.

List of operators:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="300" data-line-end="301"><code>+</code> For adding numbers (can also be used for concatenation) | Eg: 12 + 89 = 101</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="301" data-line-end="302"><code>-</code> For subtracting numbers | Eg: 65 - 5 = 60</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="302" data-line-end="303"><code>*</code> For multiplying numbers | Eg: 12 * 4 = 48</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="303" data-line-end="304"><code>/</code> For dividing numbers | Eg: 60 / 5 = 12</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="304" data-line-end="305"><code>**</code> Exponentiation (“to the power of”) | Eg: 2**3 = 8</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="305" data-line-end="306"><code>//</code> Floor division (divides numbers and takes away everything after the decimal point) | Eg: 100 // 3 = 33</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="306" data-line-end="308"><code>%</code> Modulo (divides numbers and returns whats left (remainder)) | Eg: 50 % 30 = 20</li>

</ul>

These operators can be used for decreasing/increasing variables.

Example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="313" data-line-end="318" class="language-py">x = 12

x += 3

print(x)

# this will output 15, because 12 + 3 = 15

</code></pre>

You can replace the <code>+</code> in <code>+=</code> by any other operator that you want:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="321" data-line-end="330" class="language-py">x = 6

x *= 5

print(x)

y = 9

y /= 3

print(y)

# this will output 30 and then below 3.

</code></pre>

Also: <code>x += y</code> is just a shorter version of writing <code>x = x + y</code>; both work the same

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=335 data-line-end=336><a id="Comparison_Operators_335"></a>Comparison Operators</h3>

Comparsion operators are for, well, comparing things. They return a Boolean value, <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>. They can be used in conditionals.

List of comparison operators:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="341" data-line-end="342"><code>==</code> equal to | Eg: 7 == 7</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="342" data-line-end="343"><code>!=</code> not equal to | Eg: 7 != 8</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="343" data-line-end="344"><code>></code> bigger than | Eg: 12 > 8</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="344" data-line-end="345"><code><</code> smaller than | Eg: 7 < 9</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="345" data-line-end="346"><code>>=</code> bigger than or equal to | Eg: 19 >= 19</li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="346" data-line-end="348"><code><=</code> smaller than or equal to | Eg: 1 <= 4</li>

</ul>

If we type these into the console, we will get either <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="351" data-line-end="358" class="language-py">

6 > 7 # will return False

12 < 80 # will return True

786 != 787 # will return True

95 <= 96 # will return True

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=361 data-line-end=362><a id="Conditionals_361"></a>Conditionals</h3>

Conditionals are used to verify if an expression is <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>.

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=365 data-line-end=366><a id="if_365"></a><code>if</code></h4>

Example: we want to see if a number is bigger than another one.

How to say in english: "If the number 10 is bigger than the number 5, then etc.

How to say it in Python:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="373" data-line-end="376" class="language-py">if 10 > 5:

# etc.

</code></pre>

All the code that is indented will be inside that <code>if</code> statement. It will only run if the condition is verified. 

You can also use variables in conditionals:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="381" data-line-end="389" class="language-py">x = 20

y = 40

if x < y:

print("20 is smaller than 40"!)

# the output of this program will be "20 is smaller than 40"! because the condition (x < y) is True.

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=389 data-line-end=390><a id="elif_389"></a><code>elif</code></h4>

<code>elif</code> is basically like <code>if</code>; it checks if several conditions are <code>True</code>

Example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="396" data-line-end="408" class="language-py">age = 16

if age == 12:

print("You're 12 years old!")

elif age == 14:

print("You're 14 years old!")

elif age == 16:

print("You're 16 years old!")

</code></pre>

This program will output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="412" data-line-end="414">You're 16 years old!

</code></pre>

Because <code>age = 16</code>.

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=416 data-line-end=417><a id="else_416"></a><code>else</code></h4>

<code>else</code> usually comes after the <code>if</code>/<code>elif</code>. Like the name implies, the code inside it only executes if the previous conditions are <code>False</code>.

Example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="423" data-line-end="431" class="language-py">age = 12

if age >= 18:

print("You can vote!")

else:

print("You can't vote yet!)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="435" data-line-end="437">You can't vote yet!

</code></pre>

Because <code>age < 18</code>.

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=441 data-line-end=442><a id="input_441"></a><code>input</code></h3>

The <code>input</code> function is used to prompt the user. It will stop the program until the user types something and presses the return key. 

You can assign the input to a variable to store what the user types.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="449" data-line-end="455" class="language-py">username = input("Enter your username: ")

# then you can print the username

print("Welcome, "+str(username)+"!")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="459" data-line-end="462">Enter your username: Bookie0

Welcome, Bookie0!

</code></pre>

By default, the <code>input</code> converts what the user writes into <code>str</code>, but you can specify it like this:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="466" data-line-end="476" class="language-py">

number = int(input("Enter a number: ")) # converts what the user says into an int

# if the user types a str or float, then there will be an error message.

# doing int(input()) is useful for calculations, now we can do this:

number += 10

print("If you add 10 to that number, you get: "+ str(number)) # remember to convert it to str for concatenation!

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="480" data-line-end="484">Enter a number: 189

If you add 10 to that number, you get: 199

</code></pre>

You can also do <code>float(input(""))</code> to convert it to <code>float</code>.

<hr>

Now, here is a little program summarizing a bit of what you’ve learnt so far.

Full program:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="494" data-line-end="511" class="language-py">

username = input("Username: ")

password = input("Password: ")

admin_username = "Mr.ADMIN"

admin_password = "<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a1e29191edd1e1d2d2d691d3c5">[email protected]</a>"

if username == admin_username:

if password == admin_password:

print("Welcome Admin! You are the best!")

else:

print("Wrong password!")

else:

print("Welcome, "+str(username)+"!")

</code></pre>

Now a detailed version:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="515" data-line-end="538" class="language-py">

# inputs

username = input("Username: ") # asks user for the username

password = input("Password: ") # asks user for the password

# variables

admin_username = "Mr.ADMIN" # setting the admin username 

admin_password = "<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="672457572b1727141410571503">[email protected]</a>" # setting the admin passsword

# conditionals

if username == admin_username: # if the user entered the exact admin username

if password == admin_password: # if the user enters the exact and correct admin password

print("Welcome Admin! You are the best!") # a welcome message only to the admin

else: # if the user gets the admin password wrong

print("Error! Wrong password!") # an error message appears

else: # if the user enters something different than the admin username

print("Welcome, general user "+str(username)+"!") # a welcome message only for general users

</code></pre>

Output:

An option:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="543" data-line-end="548">Username: Mr.ADMIN

Password: i dont know

Error! Wrong password!

</code></pre>

Another option:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="551" data-line-end="555">Username: Mr.ADMIN

Password: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="e7a4d7d7ab97a7949490d7889583">[email protected]</a>

Welcome Admin! You are the best!

</code></pre>

Final option:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="558" data-line-end="562">Username: Bob

Password: Chee$e

Welcome, general user Bob!

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=565 data-line-end=566><a id="A_bit_of_lists_565"></a>A bit of lists</h3>

A list is a collection which is ordered and changeable. They are written with square braquets: <code>[]</code>

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="570" data-line-end="576" class="language-py">meat = ["beef", "lamb", "chicken"]

print(meat)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="579" data-line-end="581">['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken']

</code></pre>

You can access specific items of the list with the index number. Now here is the kinda tricky part. Indexes start at 0, meaning that the first item of the list has an index of 0, the second item has an index of 1, the third item has an index of 2, etc.

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="585" data-line-end="591" class="language-py">meat = ["beef", "lamb", "chicken"]

# Index: 0 1 2 etc.

print(meat[2]) # will output "chicken" because it is at index 2

</code></pre>

You can also use negative indexing: index -1 means the last item, index -2 means the second to last item, etc.

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="595" data-line-end="600" class="language-py">meat = ["beef", "lamb", "chicken"]

# Index: -3 -2 -1 etc.

print(meat[-3]) # will output "beef" because it is at index -3

</code></pre>

You can add items in the list using <code>append()</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="604" data-line-end="611" class="language-py">meat = ["beef", "lamb", "chicken"]

meat.append("pork")

print(meat)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="615" data-line-end="617">['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken', 'pork']

</code></pre>

“pork” will be added at the end of the list.

For removing items in the list, use <code>remove()</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="623" data-line-end="630" class="language-py">meat = ['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken']

meat.remove("lamb")

print(meat)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="634" data-line-end="636">['beef', 'chicken']

</code></pre>

You can also use <code>del</code> to remove items at a specific index:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="640" data-line-end="647" class="language-py">meat = ['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken']

del meat[0]

print(meat)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="651" data-line-end="653">['lamb', 'chicken']

</code></pre>

There are also many other things you can do with lists, check out this: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lists.asp">https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lists.asp</a> for more info!

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=658 data-line-end=659><a id="for_loops_658"></a><code>for</code> loops</h3>

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence. Basically, it runs a piece of code for a specific number of times.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="665" data-line-end="668" class="language-py">for i in range(5):

print("Hello!")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="672" data-line-end="678">Hello!

Hello!

Hello!

Hello!

Hello!

</code></pre>

You can also use the <code>for</code> loop to print each item in a list (using the list from above):

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="682" data-line-end="687" class="language-py">meat = ['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken']

for i in meat:

print(i)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="691" data-line-end="695">beef

lamb

chicken

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=698 data-line-end=699><a id="while_loops_698"></a><code>while</code> loops</h3>

<code>while</code> loops will run a piece of code as long as the condition is <code>True</code>.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="705" data-line-end="711" class="language-py">x = 1 # sets x to 1

while x <= 10: # will repeat 10 times

print(x) # prints x

x += 1 # increments (adds 1) to x

</code></pre>

Ouput:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="715" data-line-end="726">1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

</code></pre>

You can also make <code>while</code> loops go on for infinity, like so (useful for spamming lol):

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="730" data-line-end="734" class="language-py">while True:

print("Theres no stopping me nowwwww!")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="738" data-line-end="746" class="language-py">Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

# etc until infinity

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=750 data-line-end=751><a id="Functions_750"></a>Functions</h3>

Functions are a group of code that will only execute when it is called.

For example, instead having to type a piece of code several times, you can use a function to put that piece of code inside, and then when you need to use it, you can just call it.

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="757" data-line-end="764" class="language-py">def greeting(): # defining the function

print("Bonjour!") # everything that is indented will be executed when the function is called

greeting() # calling the function

# you can now call this function when you want, instead of always writing the same code everytime

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="768" data-line-end="770">Bonjour!

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=773 data-line-end=774><a id="Imports_773"></a>Imports</h3>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=775 data-line-end=776><a id="time_775"></a><code>time</code></h4>

You can use time in your Python programs.

How to make the program wait:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="782" data-line-end="792" class="language-py"># first import time

import time

print("Hello!")

# then for the program to wait 

time.sleep(1) # write how long you want to wait (in seconds) in the parenthesis

print("Bye!")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="796" data-line-end="800">Hello!

# program will wait 1 second

Bye!

</code></pre>

You can also do this (more simpler):

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="804" data-line-end="820" class="language-py">import time

from time import sleep

# instead of time.sleep(), do sleep()

# its the same

print("time.sleep(1)...")

time.sleep(1)

print("...is the same as...")

sleep(1)

print("sleep(1)!")

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=821 data-line-end=822><a id="random_821"></a><code>random</code></h4>

You can use the <code>random</code> module to randomly pick numbers with <code>randint()</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="826" data-line-end="834" class="language-py"># remember to import!

import random

from random import randint

rand_num = randint(1,5)

# this will output a random number between 1 and 5 inclusive!

# this means the possible numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

</code></pre>

The reason I am precising this is because you can also use <code>randrange()</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="838" data-line-end="845" class="language-py">import random

from random import randrange

rand_num = randrange(1,5)

# this will output a random number between 1 inclusive and 5 NON-inclusive (or 4 inclusive)!

# this means the possible numbers are 1, 2, 3, or 4

</code></pre>

You can also randomly pick an item from a list with <code>choice()</code>:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="849" data-line-end="860" class="language-py">import random

from random import choice

meat = ["beef", "lamb", "chicken"]

rand_meat = choice(meat)

print(rand_meat)

# this will output a randomly chosen item of the list meat

# the possible outcomes are beef, lamb, or chicken.

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=861 data-line-end=862><a id="math_861"></a><code>math</code></h4>

First, you already have some functions already built in Python: <code>min()</code> and <code>max()</code>. They return the smallest and biggest value of <code>ints</code> inside the parenthesis, respectively.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="868" data-line-end="875" class="language-py">list_a = min(18, 12, 14, 16)

list_b = max(17, 19, 15, 13)

print(list_a) # will output 12

print(list_b) # will output 19

</code></pre>

Now for some more modules:

You can use <code>math.floor()</code> and <code>math.ceil()</code> to round up numbers to the nearest or highest <code>int</code>.

For example:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="883" data-line-end="893" class="language-py"># first import

import math

num_a = math.floor(2.3)

num_b = math.ceil(2.3)

print(num_a) # will output 2

print(num_b) # will output 3

</code></pre>

Explanation (from Andrew Sutherland’s course): So <code>math.floor()</code> will round up <code>2.3</code> to the nearest lowest <code>int</code>, which in this case is <code>2</code>. This is because, if you imagine it, the floor is on the bottom, so thats why it will round the number to the nearest lowest <code>int</code>.

Vice-versa for <code>math.ceil()</code>; it will round up <code>2.3</code> to the nearest highest <code>int</code>, which in this case is <code>3</code>. This is because <code>ceil</code> is short for ceiling (programmers like to shorten words), and the ceiling is high.

You can also get <code>pi</code> π:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="902" data-line-end="908" class="language-py">import math

pi = math.pi

print(pi)

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="912" data-line-end="914">3.141592653589793

</code></pre>

Here is the full list of all the things you can do with <code>math</code>: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_math.asp">https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_math.asp</a>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=919 data-line-end=920><a id="Small_Programs_You_Can_Use_919"></a>Small Programs You Can Use</h3>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=921 data-line-end=922><a id="Countdown_Program_921"></a>Countdown Program:</h4>

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="924" data-line-end="942" class="language-py"># imports

import time

from time import sleep

def countdown(): # making a function for the countdown (so you can use it several times)

count = int(input("Countdown from what? ")) # asks user how long the countdown

while count >= 0: # will repeat until count = 0

print(count) # prints where the countdown is at

count -= 1 # subtracts 1 from count

sleep(1) # program waits 1 second before continuing

print("End of countdown!") # message after the countdown

countdown() # remember to call the function or nothing will happen

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="946" data-line-end="955">Countdown from what? 5

5

4

3

2

1

0

End of countdown!

</code></pre>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=957 data-line-end=958><a id="Simple_Calculator_957"></a>Simple Calculator</h4>

First way using <code>eval()</code>

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="961" data-line-end="968" class="language-py">calculation = input("Type your calculation: ") # asks the user for a calculation.

print("Answer to " + str(calculation) + ": " + str(eval(calculation)))

# eval basically does the operation, like on a normal calculator. 

# however, if you write something different than a valid operaion, there will be an error.

</code></pre>

Or another way, using several conditionals, and you can only do “something” + “something” (but with the operators):

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="972" data-line-end="1010" class="language-py">def calculator(): # making a function to hold all the code for calculator

while True: # loops forever so you can make several calculations without having to press run again

first_num = int(input("Enter 1st number: ")) # asks user for 1st number 

second_num = int(input("Enter 2nd number: ")) # asks user for 2nd number

operator = input("Select operator: + - * / ** // ") # asks user for operator

if operator == "+": # addition

answer = first_num + second_num

print(answer)

elif operator == "-": # subtraction

answer = first_num - second_num

print(answer)

elif operator == "*": # multiplication

answer = first_num * second_num

print(answer)

elif operator == "/": # division

answer = first_num / second_num

print(answer)

elif operator == "**": # exponentiation ("to the power of")

answer = first_num ** second_num

print(answer)

elif operator == "//": # floor division

answer = first_num // second_num

print(answer)

else: # if user selects an invalid operator

print("Invalid!")

calculator() # calls the function 

</code></pre>

But obviously that is pretty long and full of many <code>if</code>/<code>elif</code>.

<hr>

Some functions that are useful:

“Press ENTER to continue” Prompt:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1019" data-line-end="1025" class="language-py">def enter():

input("Press ENTER to continue! ")

# this is useful for text based adventure games; when they finish reading some text, they can press ENTER and the next part will follow.

# just call the function where you need it

</code></pre>

Spacing in between lines function:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1029" data-line-end="1035" class="language-py">def space():

print()

print()

# same as pressing ENTER twice, this is useful to make your text a bit more airy, makes it less compact and block like.

</code></pre>

Slowprint:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1039" data-line-end="1056" class="language-py"># first imports:

import time, sys

from time import sleep

def sp(str):

for letter in str:

sys.stdout.write(letter)

sys.stdout.flush()

time.sleep(0.06)

print()

# to use it:

sp("Hello there!")

# this will output Hello There! one letter every 0.06 seconds, making it look like the typewriter effect.

</code></pre>

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=1059 data-line-end=1060><a id="ANSI_Escape_Codes_1059"></a><code>ANSI</code> Escape Codes</h3>

<code>ANSI</code> escape codes are for controlling text in the console. You can use it to make what is in the output nicer for the user.

For example, you can use <code>\n</code> for a new line:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1066" data-line-end="1068" class="language-py">name = input("Enter your name\n>>> ")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1072" data-line-end="1075">Enter your name

>>>

</code></pre>

This makes it look nice, you can start typing on the little prompt arrows <code>>>></code>.

You can also use <code>\t</code> for tab:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1081" data-line-end="1083" class="language-py">print("Hello\tdude")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1087" data-line-end="1089">Hello dude

</code></pre>

<code>\v</code> for vertical tab:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1093" data-line-end="1095" class="language-py">print("Hello\vdude")

</code></pre>

Output:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1099" data-line-end="1102">Hello

dude

</code></pre>

You can also have colors in python:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1106" data-line-end="1133" class="language-py"># the ANSI codes are stored in variables, making them easier to use

black = "\033[0;30m"

red = "\033[0;31m"

green = "\033[0;32m"

yellow = "\033[0;33m"

blue = "\033[0;34m"

magenta = "\033[0;35m"

cyan = "\033[0;36m"

white = "\033[0;37m"

bright_black = "\033[0;90m"

bright_red = "\033[0;91m"

bright_green = "\033[0;92m"

bright_yellow = "\033[0;93m"

bright_blue = "\033[0;94m"

bright_magenta = "\033[0;95m"

bright_cyan = "\033[0;96m"

bright_white = "\033[0;97m"

# to use them:

print(red+"Hello")

# you can also have multiple colors:

print(red+"Hel"+bright_blue+"lo)

# and you can even use it with the slowPrint I mentioned earlier!

</code></pre>

Output:

<img src="https://i.ibb.co/sF2Gbx6/ANSI-output-1.png" alt="output -1" width="500" height="333">

And you can have underline and italic:

<pre><code class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1141" data-line-end="1151" class="language-py">reset = "\u001b[0m"

underline = "\033[4m"

italic = "\033[3m"

# to use it:

print(italic+"Hello "+reset+" there "+underline+"Mister!")

# the reset is for taking away all changes you've made to the text

# it makes the text back to the default color and text decorations.

</code></pre>

Output:

<img src="https://i.ibb.co/R20Wt6K/ANSI-output-2.png" alt="output -1" width="500" height="333">

<hr>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=1159 data-line-end=1160><a id="Links_Sources_and_Good_Websites_1159"></a>Links: Sources and Good Websites</h3>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=1161 data-line-end=1162><a id="Sources_1161"></a>Sources:</h4>

Always good to use a bit of help from here and there!

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1165" data-line-end="1166">W3 Schools: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp">https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1166" data-line-end="1167">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1167" data-line-end="1169">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code</a></li>

</ul>

<h4 class="code-line" data-line-start=1169 data-line-end=1170><a id="Good_Websites_you_can_use_1169"></a>Good Websites you can use:</h4>

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1171" data-line-end="1172">Official website: <a href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1172" data-line-end="1173">W3 Schools: <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp">https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1173" data-line-end="1174"><a href="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm">https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1174" data-line-end="1176"><a href="https://realpython.com/">https://realpython.com/</a></li>

</ul>

Interactive:

<ul>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1177" data-line-end="1178"><a href="https://www.learnpython.org/">https://www.learnpython.org/</a></li>

<li class="has-line-data" data-line-start="1178" data-line-end="1180"><a href="https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python">https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python</a></li>

</ul>

<h3 class="code-line" data-line-start=1180 data-line-end=1181><a id="Goodbye_World_End_1180"></a><code>Goodbye World!</code>: End</h3>

Well, I guess this is the end. I hope y’all have learnt something new/interesting! If you have any questions, please comment and I will try my best to answer them.

<h1 class="code-line" data-line-start=1184 data-line-end=1185><a id="Have_a_super_day_everyone_1184"></a>Have a super day everyone!</h1>

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Replies to Re: Re: python

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Re: Re: Re: python	Blush Motmot	html5	1672773461	1 Year ago.

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&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;0&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Python Made EZ (and other stuff)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=2 data-line-end=3&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;H_everyone_2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hîïíīįì everyone!&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;4&quot; data-line-end=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Hope y’all are doing great! School is starting real soon, so I hope &lt;s&gt;you have been studying to get ready&lt;/s&gt; you are enjoying the last of vacation!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;6&quot; data-line-end=&quot;7&quot;&gt;So I made this tutorial on python so that others can try to learn from it and get better! Hopefully, what I say will be comprehensive and easy to read.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;8&quot; data-line-end=&quot;9&quot;&gt;Most of it I will write, but sometimes I will include some stuff from other websites which explain better than me. I will put what I’ve taken in &lt;em&gt;italic&lt;/em&gt;, and the sources and helpful links at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;15&quot; data-line-end=&quot;16&quot;&gt;I will be covering:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;17&quot; data-line-end=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hello World!&lt;/code&gt;: History of Python&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;18&quot; data-line-end=&quot;19&quot;&gt;Key Terms&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;19&quot; data-line-end=&quot;20&quot;&gt;Comments&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;20&quot; data-line-end=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;21&quot; data-line-end=&quot;22&quot;&gt;Data Types&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;22&quot; data-line-end=&quot;26&quot;&gt;Variables
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;23&quot; data-line-end=&quot;24&quot;&gt;Printing Variables&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;24&quot; data-line-end=&quot;25&quot;&gt;Naming Variables&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;25&quot; data-line-end=&quot;26&quot;&gt;Changing Variables&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;26&quot; data-line-end=&quot;27&quot;&gt;Concatenation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;27&quot; data-line-end=&quot;28&quot;&gt;Operators&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;28&quot; data-line-end=&quot;29&quot;&gt;Comparison Operators&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;29&quot; data-line-end=&quot;33&quot;&gt;Conditionals
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;30&quot; data-line-end=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;31&quot; data-line-end=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;elif&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;32&quot; data-line-end=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;else&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;33&quot; data-line-end=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;34&quot; data-line-end=&quot;35&quot;&gt;A Bit of Lists&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;35&quot; data-line-end=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt; Loops&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;36&quot; data-line-end=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt; Loops&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;37&quot; data-line-end=&quot;38&quot;&gt;Functions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;38&quot; data-line-end=&quot;42&quot;&gt;Imports
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;39&quot; data-line-end=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;40&quot; data-line-end=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;random&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;41&quot; data-line-end=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;math&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;42&quot; data-line-end=&quot;43&quot;&gt;Small Programs and Useful Stuff&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;43&quot; data-line-end=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ANSI&lt;/code&gt; Escape Codes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;44&quot; data-line-end=&quot;45&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;45&quot; data-line-end=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Goodbye World!&lt;/code&gt;: End&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;47&quot; data-line-end=&quot;48&quot;&gt;Well without any further ado, let’s get on with it!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=51 data-line-end=52&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Hello_World_History_of_Python_51&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;Hello World!&lt;/code&gt;: History of Python&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;53&quot; data-line-end=&quot;54&quot;&gt;Python is a general purpose programming language. It was created by Guido Van Rossum and released in 1991. One of the main features of it is its readability, simple syntax, and few keywords, which makes it great for beginners (with no prior experience of coding) to learn it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;55&quot; data-line-end=&quot;56&quot;&gt;Fun fact: Guido Van Rossum was reading the scripts of Monty Python when he was creating the language; he needed &lt;em&gt;“a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious”&lt;/em&gt; so he decided to call the language Python.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;57&quot; data-line-end=&quot;58&quot;&gt;(Last year we had to make a poem on a important person in Computer Science, so I made one on him: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yf2T2fFaS3Vwk7zkvN1nPOr8XPXJroL1yHI7z5qhaRc/edit?usp=sharing&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yf2T2fFaS3Vwk7zkvN1nPOr8XPXJroL1yHI7z5qhaRc/edit?usp=sharing&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=60 data-line-end=61&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Key_Terms_60&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Key Terms&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;62&quot; data-line-end=&quot;63&quot;&gt;Now before we continue, just a few words you should know:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;64&quot; data-line-end=&quot;66&quot;&gt;Console: The black part located at the right/bottom of your screen&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.ibb.co/1nspSJ8/intro-console.png&quot; alt=&quot;output -1&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;333&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;68&quot; data-line-end=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;68&quot; data-line-end=&quot;69&quot;&gt;Input: stuff that is taken in by the computer (more on this later)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;70&quot; data-line-end=&quot;72&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;70&quot; data-line-end=&quot;71&quot;&gt;Ouput: the information processed and sent out by the computer (usually in the console)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.ibb.co/VYSd0s2/intro-output.png&quot; alt=&quot;output -1&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;333&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;74&quot; data-line-end=&quot;76&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;74&quot; data-line-end=&quot;75&quot;&gt;Errors: actually, a good thing! Don’t worry if you have an error, just try to learn from it and correct it. That’s how you can improve, by knowing how to correct errors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;76&quot; data-line-end=&quot;78&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;76&quot; data-line-end=&quot;77&quot;&gt;Execute: run a piece of code&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=80 data-line-end=81&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Comments_80&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Comments&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;82&quot; data-line-end=&quot;83&quot;&gt;Comments are used for explaining your code, making it more readable, and &lt;em&gt;to prevent execution when testing code&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;84&quot; data-line-end=&quot;85&quot;&gt;This is how to comment:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;87&quot; data-line-end=&quot;91&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this is a comment&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# it starts with a hastag #&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# Python will ignore and not run anything after the hastag &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;92&quot; data-line-end=&quot;93&quot;&gt;You can also have multiline comments:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;95&quot; data-line-end=&quot;102&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;
this is 
a multiline comment

I can make it very long!
&quot;&quot;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=105 data-line-end=106&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;print_105&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;print&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;107&quot; data-line-end=&quot;108&quot;&gt;The &lt;code&gt;print()&lt;/code&gt; functions is used for outputting a message (object) onto the console. This is how you use it:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;110&quot; data-line-end=&quot;117&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Something.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# remember this is a comment&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# you can use double quotes &quot; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# or single quotes '&lt;/span&gt;
print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'Using single quotes'&lt;/span&gt;)
print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Is the same as using double quotes&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;118&quot; data-line-end=&quot;119&quot;&gt;You can also triple quotes for big messages.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;120&quot; data-line-end=&quot;121&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;123&quot; data-line-end=&quot;135&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello World!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;

Rules:

[1] Code 
[2] Be nice
[3] Lol
[4] Repeat 
&quot;&quot;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;136&quot; data-line-end=&quot;137&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;139&quot; data-line-end=&quot;149&quot;&gt;Hello World!

Rules:

[1] Code 
[2] Be nice
[3] Lol
[4] Repeat 
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=151 data-line-end=152&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Data_Types_151&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Data Types&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;153&quot; data-line-end=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Data types are the classification or categorization of data items.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;155&quot; data-line-end=&quot;156&quot;&gt;These are the 4 main data types:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;157&quot; data-line-end=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;: (integer) a whole number&lt;br&gt;
12 is an &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, so is 902.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;160&quot; data-line-end=&quot;162&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;: (string) a sequence of characters&lt;br&gt;
“Hi” is a &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;, so is “New York City”.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;163&quot; data-line-end=&quot;165&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt;: (float) a combination of string and integers&lt;br&gt;
-90 is a &lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt;, so is 128.84&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;166&quot; data-line-end=&quot;168&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;bool&lt;/code&gt;: (boolean) data type with 2 possible values; &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Note that &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt; has a &lt;strong&gt;capital &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt; has a &lt;strong&gt;capital &lt;code&gt;F&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=172 data-line-end=173&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Variables_172&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Variables&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;174&quot; data-line-end=&quot;175&quot;&gt;Variables are used for containing/storing information.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;176&quot; data-line-end=&quot;177&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;179&quot; data-line-end=&quot;188&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;name = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Lucy&quot;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this variable contains a str&lt;/span&gt;

age = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this variable contains an int&lt;/span&gt;

height = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;160.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this variable contains a float&lt;/span&gt;

can_vote = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this variable contains a Boolean that is True (because Lucy is 25 y/o)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=189 data-line-end=190&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Printing_variables_189&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Printing variables:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;191&quot; data-line-end=&quot;192&quot;&gt;To print variables, you simply do &lt;code&gt;print(variableName)&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;194&quot; data-line-end=&quot;199&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(name)
print(age)
print(height)
print(can_vote)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;200&quot; data-line-end=&quot;201&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;203&quot; data-line-end=&quot;208&quot;&gt;Lucy
25
160.5
True
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=209 data-line-end=210&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Naming_Variables_209&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Naming Variables:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;211&quot; data-line-end=&quot;212&quot;&gt;You should try to make variables with a descriptive name. For example, if you have a variable with an age, an appropriate name would be &lt;code&gt;age&lt;/code&gt;, not &lt;code&gt;how_old&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;number_years&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;213&quot; data-line-end=&quot;214&quot;&gt;Some rules for naming variables:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;215&quot; data-line-end=&quot;216&quot;&gt;must start with a letter (not a number)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;216&quot; data-line-end=&quot;217&quot;&gt;no spaces (use underscores)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;217&quot; data-line-end=&quot;219&quot;&gt;no keywords (like &lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=219 data-line-end=220&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Changing_Variables_219&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Changing Variables:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;221&quot; data-line-end=&quot;222&quot;&gt;You can change variables to other values.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;223&quot; data-line-end=&quot;224&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;226&quot; data-line-end=&quot;236&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;
print(x)

x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;
print(x)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# the output will be:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# 18&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# 19&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;237&quot; data-line-end=&quot;238&quot;&gt;As you can see, we have changed the variable &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; from the initial value of 18 to 19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=241 data-line-end=242&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Concatenation_241&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Concatenation&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;243&quot; data-line-end=&quot;244&quot;&gt;Let’s go back to our first 3 variables:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;246&quot; data-line-end=&quot;253&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;name = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Lucy&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

age = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;

height = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;160.5&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;254&quot; data-line-end=&quot;256&quot;&gt;What if we want to make a sentence like this:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;257&quot; data-line-end=&quot;259&quot;&gt;Of course, we could just print that whole thing like this:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;print(&amp;quot;Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.&amp;quot;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;260&quot; data-line-end=&quot;261&quot;&gt;But if we want to do this with variables, we could do it something like this:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;263&quot; data-line-end=&quot;266&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Her name is &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + name + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;, she is &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + age + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot; years old and she measures &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + height + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot; cm.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# try running this!&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;267&quot; data-line-end=&quot;268&quot;&gt;Aha! If you ran it, you should have gotten this error:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.ibb.co/3skBMM2/concatenation-error.png&quot; alt=&quot;output -1&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;333&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;271&quot; data-line-end=&quot;272&quot;&gt;Basically, it means that you cannot concatenate &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;. But what does concatenate mean?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;273&quot; data-line-end=&quot;274&quot;&gt;Concatenate means join/link together, like the concatenation of “sand” and “castle” is “sandcastle”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;275&quot; data-line-end=&quot;276&quot;&gt;In the previous code, we want to concatenate the bits of sentences (&amp;quot;Her name is &amp;quot;, “, she is”, etc.) as well as the variables (&lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;age&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;height&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;277&quot; data-line-end=&quot;278&quot;&gt;Since the computer can only concatenate &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt; together, we simply have to convert those variables into &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;, like so:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;280&quot; data-line-end=&quot;283&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Her name is &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + name + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;, she is &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + str(age) + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot; years old and she measures &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + str(height) + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot; cm.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# since name is already a str, no need to convert it&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;284&quot; data-line-end=&quot;285&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;287&quot; data-line-end=&quot;289&quot;&gt;Her name is Lucy, she is 25 years old and she measures 160.5 cm.
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=292 data-line-end=293&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Operators_292&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Operators&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;294&quot; data-line-end=&quot;295&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A symbol or function denoting an operation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;296&quot; data-line-end=&quot;297&quot;&gt;Basically operators can be used in math.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;298&quot; data-line-end=&quot;299&quot;&gt;List of operators:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;300&quot; data-line-end=&quot;301&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; For adding numbers (can also be used for concatenation) | Eg: 12 + 89 = 101&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;301&quot; data-line-end=&quot;302&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;-&lt;/code&gt; For subtracting numbers | Eg: 65 - 5 = 60&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;302&quot; data-line-end=&quot;303&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; For multiplying numbers | Eg: 12 * 4 = 48&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;303&quot; data-line-end=&quot;304&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt; For dividing numbers | Eg: 60 / 5 = 12&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;304&quot; data-line-end=&quot;305&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;**&lt;/code&gt; Exponentiation (“to the power of”) | Eg: 2**3 = 8&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;305&quot; data-line-end=&quot;306&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;//&lt;/code&gt; Floor division (divides numbers and takes away everything after the decimal point) | Eg: 100 // 3 = 33&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;306&quot; data-line-end=&quot;308&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; Modulo (divides numbers and returns whats left (remainder)) | Eg: 50 % 30 = 20&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;308&quot; data-line-end=&quot;309&quot;&gt;These operators can be used for decreasing/increasing variables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;310&quot; data-line-end=&quot;311&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;313&quot; data-line-end=&quot;318&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;
x += &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;
print(x)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output 15, because 12 + 3 = 15&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;318&quot; data-line-end=&quot;319&quot;&gt;You can replace the &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;+=&lt;/code&gt; by any other operator that you want:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;321&quot; data-line-end=&quot;330&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
x *= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
print(x)

y = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;
y /= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;
print(y)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output 30 and then below 3.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;331&quot; data-line-end=&quot;332&quot;&gt;Also: &lt;code&gt;x += y&lt;/code&gt; is just a shorter version of writing &lt;code&gt;x = x + y&lt;/code&gt;; both work the same&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=335 data-line-end=336&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Comparison_Operators_335&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Comparison Operators&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;337&quot; data-line-end=&quot;338&quot;&gt;Comparsion operators are for, well, comparing things. They return a Boolean value, &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;. They can be used in conditionals.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;339&quot; data-line-end=&quot;340&quot;&gt;List of comparison operators:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;341&quot; data-line-end=&quot;342&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; equal to | Eg: 7 == 7&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;342&quot; data-line-end=&quot;343&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;!=&lt;/code&gt; not equal to | Eg: 7 != 8&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;343&quot; data-line-end=&quot;344&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; bigger than | Eg: 12 &amp;gt; 8&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;344&quot; data-line-end=&quot;345&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/code&gt; smaller than | Eg: 7 &amp;lt; 9&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;345&quot; data-line-end=&quot;346&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/code&gt; bigger than or equal to | Eg: 19 &amp;gt;= 19&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;346&quot; data-line-end=&quot;348&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/code&gt; smaller than or equal to | Eg: 1 &amp;lt;= 4&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;348&quot; data-line-end=&quot;349&quot;&gt;If we type these into the console, we will get either &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;351&quot; data-line-end=&quot;358&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &amp;gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will return False&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; &amp;lt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will return True&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;786&lt;/span&gt; != &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;787&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will return True&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;95&lt;/span&gt; &amp;lt;= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will return True&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=361 data-line-end=362&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Conditionals_361&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Conditionals&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;363&quot; data-line-end=&quot;364&quot;&gt;Conditionals are used to verify if an expression is &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=365 data-line-end=366&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;if_365&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;366&quot; data-line-end=&quot;367&quot;&gt;Example: we want to see if a number is bigger than another one.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;368&quot; data-line-end=&quot;369&quot;&gt;How to say in english: &amp;quot;If the number 10 is bigger than the number 5, then etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;370&quot; data-line-end=&quot;371&quot;&gt;How to say it in Python:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;373&quot; data-line-end=&quot;376&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &amp;gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;:  
    &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# etc.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;377&quot; data-line-end=&quot;379&quot;&gt;All the code that is indented will be inside that &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; statement. It will &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; run if the condition is verified.&lt;br&gt;
You can also use variables in conditionals:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;381&quot; data-line-end=&quot;389&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;
y = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; x &amp;lt; y:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;20 is smaller than 40&quot;&lt;/span&gt;!)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# the output of this program will be &quot;20 is smaller than 40&quot;! because the condition (x &amp;lt; y) is True.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=389 data-line-end=390&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;elif_389&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;elif&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;391&quot; data-line-end=&quot;392&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;elif&lt;/code&gt; is basically like &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;; it checks if several conditions are &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;393&quot; data-line-end=&quot;394&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;396&quot; data-line-end=&quot;408&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;age = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; age == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;You're 12 years old!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; age == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;You're 14 years old!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; age == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;You're 16 years old!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;409&quot; data-line-end=&quot;410&quot;&gt;This program will output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;412&quot; data-line-end=&quot;414&quot;&gt;You're 16 years old!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;414&quot; data-line-end=&quot;415&quot;&gt;Because &lt;code&gt;age = 16&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=416 data-line-end=417&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;else_416&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;else&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;418&quot; data-line-end=&quot;419&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;else&lt;/code&gt; usually comes after the &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;elif&lt;/code&gt;. Like the name implies, the code inside it only executes if the previous conditions are &lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;420&quot; data-line-end=&quot;421&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;423&quot; data-line-end=&quot;431&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;age = 12

if age &amp;gt;= 18:
    print(&quot;You can vote!&quot;)

else:
    print(&quot;You can't vote yet!)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;432&quot; data-line-end=&quot;433&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;435&quot; data-line-end=&quot;437&quot;&gt;You can't vote yet!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;437&quot; data-line-end=&quot;438&quot;&gt;Because &lt;code&gt;age &amp;lt; 18&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=441 data-line-end=442&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;input_441&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;443&quot; data-line-end=&quot;445&quot;&gt;The &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt; function is used to prompt the user. It will stop the program until the user types something and presses the return key.&lt;br&gt;
You can assign the input to a variable to store what the user types.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;446&quot; data-line-end=&quot;447&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;449&quot; data-line-end=&quot;455&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;username = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Enter your username: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# then you can print the username&lt;/span&gt;

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Welcome, &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+str(username)+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;456&quot; data-line-end=&quot;457&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;459&quot; data-line-end=&quot;462&quot;&gt;Enter your username: Bookie0
Welcome, Bookie0!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;463&quot; data-line-end=&quot;464&quot;&gt;By default, the &lt;code&gt;input&lt;/code&gt; converts what the user writes into &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;, but you can specify it like this:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;466&quot; data-line-end=&quot;476&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;
number = int(input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Enter a number: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)) &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# converts what the user says into an int&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if the user types a str or float, then there will be an error message.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# doing int(input()) is useful for calculations, now we can do this:&lt;/span&gt;

number += &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;If you add 10 to that number, you get: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+ str(number)) &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# remember to convert it to str for concatenation!&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;477&quot; data-line-end=&quot;478&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;480&quot; data-line-end=&quot;484&quot;&gt;Enter a number: 189
If you add 10 to that number, you get: 199

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;484&quot; data-line-end=&quot;485&quot;&gt;You can also do &lt;code&gt;float(input(&amp;quot;&amp;quot;))&lt;/code&gt; to convert it to &lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;489&quot; data-line-end=&quot;490&quot;&gt;Now, here is a little program summarizing a bit of what you’ve learnt so far.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;491&quot; data-line-end=&quot;492&quot;&gt;Full program:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;494&quot; data-line-end=&quot;511&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;
username = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Username: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
password = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Password: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

admin_username = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr.ADMIN&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
admin_password = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection&quot; class=&quot;__cf_email__&quot; data-cfemail=&quot;a1e29191edd1e1d2d2d691d3c5&quot;&gt;[email&amp;#160;protected]&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; username == admin_username:
    &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; password == admin_password:
        print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Welcome Admin! You are the best!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;:
        print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Wrong password!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Welcome, &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+str(username)+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;512&quot; data-line-end=&quot;513&quot;&gt;Now a detailed version:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;515&quot; data-line-end=&quot;538&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# inputs&lt;/span&gt;
username = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Username: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user for the username&lt;/span&gt;
password = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Password: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user for the password&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# variables&lt;/span&gt;
admin_username = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr.ADMIN&quot;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# setting the admin username &lt;/span&gt;
admin_password = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection&quot; class=&quot;__cf_email__&quot; data-cfemail=&quot;672457572b1727141410571503&quot;&gt;[email&amp;#160;protected]&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# setting the admin passsword&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# conditionals&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; username == admin_username:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if the user entered the exact admin username&lt;/span&gt;
    
    &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; password == admin_password:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if the user enters the exact and correct admin password&lt;/span&gt;
        
        print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Welcome Admin! You are the best!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# a welcome message only to the admin&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if the user gets the admin password wrong&lt;/span&gt;
        print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Error! Wrong password!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# an error message appears&lt;/span&gt;
        
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if the user enters something different than the admin username&lt;/span&gt;
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Welcome, general user &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+str(username)+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# a welcome message only for general users&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;539&quot; data-line-end=&quot;540&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;541&quot; data-line-end=&quot;542&quot;&gt;An option:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;543&quot; data-line-end=&quot;548&quot;&gt;Username: Mr.ADMIN
Password: i dont know
Error! Wrong password!

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;549&quot; data-line-end=&quot;550&quot;&gt;Another option:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;551&quot; data-line-end=&quot;555&quot;&gt;Username: Mr.ADMIN
Password: &lt;a href=&quot;/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection&quot; class=&quot;__cf_email__&quot; data-cfemail=&quot;e7a4d7d7ab97a7949490d7889583&quot;&gt;[email&amp;#160;protected]&lt;/a&gt;
Welcome Admin! You are the best!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;556&quot; data-line-end=&quot;557&quot;&gt;Final option:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;558&quot; data-line-end=&quot;562&quot;&gt;Username: Bob
Password: Chee$e
Welcome, general user Bob!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=565 data-line-end=566&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;A_bit_of_lists_565&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A bit of lists&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;567&quot; data-line-end=&quot;568&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A list is a collection which is ordered and changeable.&lt;/em&gt; They are written with square braquets: &lt;code&gt;[]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;570&quot; data-line-end=&quot;576&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;beef&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;chicken&quot;&lt;/span&gt;]

print(meat)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;576&quot; data-line-end=&quot;577&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;579&quot; data-line-end=&quot;581&quot;&gt;['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken']
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;582&quot; data-line-end=&quot;583&quot;&gt;You can access specific items of the list with the index number. Now here is the kinda tricky part. Indexes start at 0, meaning that the first item of the list has an index of 0, the second item has an index of 1, the third item has an index of 2, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;585&quot; data-line-end=&quot;591&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;beef&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;chicken&quot;&lt;/span&gt;]
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# Index:  0       1         2      etc.&lt;/span&gt;

print(meat[&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;])  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output &quot;chicken&quot; because it is at index 2&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;592&quot; data-line-end=&quot;593&quot;&gt;You can also use negative indexing: index -1 means the last item, index -2 means the second to last item, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;595&quot; data-line-end=&quot;600&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;beef&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;chicken&quot;&lt;/span&gt;]
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# Index:  -3       -2         -1     etc.&lt;/span&gt;

print(meat[-&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;])  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output &quot;beef&quot; because it is at index -3&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;601&quot; data-line-end=&quot;602&quot;&gt;You can add items in the list using &lt;code&gt;append()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;604&quot; data-line-end=&quot;611&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;beef&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;chicken&quot;&lt;/span&gt;]

meat.append(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;pork&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

print(meat)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;612&quot; data-line-end=&quot;613&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;615&quot; data-line-end=&quot;617&quot;&gt;['beef', 'lamb', 'chicken', 'pork']
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;618&quot; data-line-end=&quot;619&quot;&gt;“pork” will be added at the end of the list.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;620&quot; data-line-end=&quot;621&quot;&gt;For removing items in the list, use &lt;code&gt;remove()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;623&quot; data-line-end=&quot;630&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'beef'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'lamb'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'chicken'&lt;/span&gt;]

meat.remove(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

print(meat)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;631&quot; data-line-end=&quot;632&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;634&quot; data-line-end=&quot;636&quot;&gt;['beef', 'chicken']
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;637&quot; data-line-end=&quot;638&quot;&gt;You can also use &lt;code&gt;del&lt;/code&gt; to remove items at a specific index:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;640&quot; data-line-end=&quot;647&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'beef'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'lamb'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'chicken'&lt;/span&gt;]

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;del&lt;/span&gt; meat[&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;]

print(meat)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;648&quot; data-line-end=&quot;649&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;651&quot; data-line-end=&quot;653&quot;&gt;['lamb', 'chicken']
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;654&quot; data-line-end=&quot;655&quot;&gt;There are also many other things you can do with lists, check out this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lists.asp&quot;&gt;https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lists.asp&lt;/a&gt; for more info!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=658 data-line-end=659&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;for_loops_658&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt; loops&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;660&quot; data-line-end=&quot;661&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence.&lt;/em&gt; Basically, it runs a piece of code for a specific number of times.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;662&quot; data-line-end=&quot;663&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;665&quot; data-line-end=&quot;668&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; i &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; range(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;):
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;669&quot; data-line-end=&quot;670&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;672&quot; data-line-end=&quot;678&quot;&gt;Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;679&quot; data-line-end=&quot;680&quot;&gt;You can also use the &lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt; loop to print each item in a list (using the list from above):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;682&quot; data-line-end=&quot;687&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'beef'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'lamb'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;'chicken'&lt;/span&gt;]

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; i &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; meat:
    print(i)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;688&quot; data-line-end=&quot;689&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;691&quot; data-line-end=&quot;695&quot;&gt;beef
lamb
chicken
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=698 data-line-end=699&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;while_loops_698&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt; loops&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;700&quot; data-line-end=&quot;701&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt; loops will run a piece of code as long as the condition is &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;702&quot; data-line-end=&quot;703&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;705&quot; data-line-end=&quot;711&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;x = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# sets x to 1&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;while&lt;/span&gt; x &amp;lt;= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will repeat 10 times&lt;/span&gt;
    print(x)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# prints x&lt;/span&gt;
    x += &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# increments (adds 1) to x&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;712&quot; data-line-end=&quot;713&quot;&gt;Ouput:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;715&quot; data-line-end=&quot;726&quot;&gt;1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;727&quot; data-line-end=&quot;728&quot;&gt;You can also make &lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt; loops go on for infinity, like so (useful for spamming lol):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;730&quot; data-line-end=&quot;734&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;while&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;:
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Theres no stopping me nowwwww!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;735&quot; data-line-end=&quot;736&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;738&quot; data-line-end=&quot;746&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;Theres no stopping me nowwwww!
Theres no stopping me nowwwww!
Theres no stopping me nowwwww!
Theres no stopping me nowwwww!
Theres no stopping me nowwwww!

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# etc until infinity&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=750 data-line-end=751&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Functions_750&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Functions&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;752&quot; data-line-end=&quot;753&quot;&gt;Functions are a group of code that will only execute when it is called.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;754&quot; data-line-end=&quot;755&quot;&gt;For example, instead having to type a piece of code several times, you can use a function to put that piece of code inside, and then when you need to use it, you can just call it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;757&quot; data-line-end=&quot;764&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;greeting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# defining the function&lt;/span&gt;
    print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Bonjour!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# everything that is indented will be executed when the function is called&lt;/span&gt;

greeting()  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# calling the function&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# you can now call this function when you want, instead of always writing the same code everytime&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;765&quot; data-line-end=&quot;766&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;768&quot; data-line-end=&quot;770&quot;&gt;Bonjour!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=773 data-line-end=774&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Imports_773&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Imports&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=775 data-line-end=776&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;time_775&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;time&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;777&quot; data-line-end=&quot;778&quot;&gt;You can use time in your Python programs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;779&quot; data-line-end=&quot;780&quot;&gt;How to make the program wait:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;782&quot; data-line-end=&quot;792&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# first import time&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; time

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# then for the program to wait &lt;/span&gt;
time.sleep(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# write how long you want to wait (in seconds) in the parenthesis&lt;/span&gt;

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Bye!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;793&quot; data-line-end=&quot;794&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;796&quot; data-line-end=&quot;800&quot;&gt;Hello!
# program will wait 1 second
Bye!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;801&quot; data-line-end=&quot;802&quot;&gt;You can also do this (more simpler):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;804&quot; data-line-end=&quot;820&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; time
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; time &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; sleep

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# instead of time.sleep(), do sleep()&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# its the same&lt;/span&gt;

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;time.sleep(1)...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

time.sleep(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;)

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;...is the same as...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

sleep(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;)

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;sleep(1)!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=821 data-line-end=822&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;random_821&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;random&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;823&quot; data-line-end=&quot;824&quot;&gt;You can use the &lt;code&gt;random&lt;/code&gt; module to randomly pick numbers with &lt;code&gt;randint()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;826&quot; data-line-end=&quot;834&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# remember to import!&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; random
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; random &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; randint

rand_num = randint(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output a random number between 1 and 5 inclusive!&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this means the possible numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;835&quot; data-line-end=&quot;836&quot;&gt;The reason I am precising this is because you can also use &lt;code&gt;randrange()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;838&quot; data-line-end=&quot;845&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; random
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; random &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; randrange

rand_num = randrange(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output a random number between 1 inclusive and 5 NON-inclusive (or 4 inclusive)!&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this means the possible numbers are 1, 2, 3, or 4&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;846&quot; data-line-end=&quot;847&quot;&gt;You can also randomly pick an item from a list with &lt;code&gt;choice()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;849&quot; data-line-end=&quot;860&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; random
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; random &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; choice

meat = [&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;beef&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;lamb&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;chicken&quot;&lt;/span&gt;]
rand_meat = choice(meat)

print(rand_meat)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output a randomly chosen item of the list meat&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# the possible outcomes are beef, lamb, or chicken.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=861 data-line-end=862&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;math_861&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;math&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;863&quot; data-line-end=&quot;864&quot;&gt;First, you already have some functions already built in Python: &lt;code&gt;min()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;max()&lt;/code&gt;. They return the smallest and biggest value of &lt;code&gt;ints&lt;/code&gt; inside the parenthesis, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;865&quot; data-line-end=&quot;866&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;868&quot; data-line-end=&quot;875&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;list_a = min(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;) 
list_b = max(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;)

print(list_a)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output 12&lt;/span&gt;
print(list_b)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output 19&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;876&quot; data-line-end=&quot;877&quot;&gt;Now for some more modules:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;878&quot; data-line-end=&quot;879&quot;&gt;You can use &lt;code&gt;math.floor()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;math.ceil()&lt;/code&gt; to round up numbers to the nearest or highest &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;880&quot; data-line-end=&quot;881&quot;&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;883&quot; data-line-end=&quot;893&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# first import&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; math

num_a = math.floor(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;2.3&lt;/span&gt;)
num_b = math.ceil(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;2.3&lt;/span&gt;)

print(num_a)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output 2&lt;/span&gt;
print(num_b)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will output 3&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;894&quot; data-line-end=&quot;895&quot;&gt;Explanation (from Andrew Sutherland’s course): So &lt;code&gt;math.floor()&lt;/code&gt; will round up &lt;code&gt;2.3&lt;/code&gt; to the nearest &lt;strong&gt;lowest&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, which in this case is &lt;code&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;. This is because, if you imagine it, the floor is on the bottom, so thats why it will round the number to the nearest lowest &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;896&quot; data-line-end=&quot;897&quot;&gt;Vice-versa for &lt;code&gt;math.ceil()&lt;/code&gt;; it will round up &lt;code&gt;2.3&lt;/code&gt; to the nearest &lt;strong&gt;highest&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;, which in this case is &lt;code&gt;3&lt;/code&gt;. This is because &lt;code&gt;ceil&lt;/code&gt; is short for ceiling (programmers like to shorten words), and the ceiling is high.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;899&quot; data-line-end=&quot;900&quot;&gt;You can also get &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt; π:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;902&quot; data-line-end=&quot;908&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; math

pi = math.pi

print(pi)  
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;909&quot; data-line-end=&quot;910&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;912&quot; data-line-end=&quot;914&quot;&gt;3.141592653589793
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;915&quot; data-line-end=&quot;916&quot;&gt;Here is the full list of all the things you can do with &lt;code&gt;math&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_math.asp&quot;&gt;https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_math.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=919 data-line-end=920&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Small_Programs_You_Can_Use_919&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Small Programs You Can Use&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=921 data-line-end=922&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Countdown_Program_921&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Countdown Program:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;924&quot; data-line-end=&quot;942&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# imports&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; time
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; time &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; sleep

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;countdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# making a function for the countdown (so you can use it several times)&lt;/span&gt;
        
    count = int(input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Countdown from what? &quot;&lt;/span&gt;))  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user how long the countdown&lt;/span&gt;
    
    &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;while&lt;/span&gt; count &amp;gt;= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# will repeat until count = 0&lt;/span&gt;
        print(count)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# prints where the countdown is at&lt;/span&gt;
        count -= &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# subtracts 1 from count&lt;/span&gt;
        sleep(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# program waits 1 second before continuing&lt;/span&gt;

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;End of countdown!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# message after the countdown&lt;/span&gt;

countdown()  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# remember to call the function or nothing will happen&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;943&quot; data-line-end=&quot;944&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;946&quot; data-line-end=&quot;955&quot;&gt;Countdown from what? 5
5
4
3
2
1
0
End of countdown!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=957 data-line-end=958&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Simple_Calculator_957&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Simple Calculator&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;959&quot; data-line-end=&quot;960&quot;&gt;First way using &lt;code&gt;eval()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;961&quot; data-line-end=&quot;968&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;calculation = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Type your calculation: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks the user for a calculation.&lt;/span&gt;

print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Answer to &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + str(calculation) + &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;: &quot;&lt;/span&gt; + str(eval(calculation))) 
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# eval basically does the operation, like on a normal calculator. &lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# however, if you write something different than a valid operaion, there will be an error.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;969&quot; data-line-end=&quot;970&quot;&gt;Or another way, using several conditionals, and you can only do “something” + “something” (but with the operators):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;972&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1010&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;calculator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# making a function to hold all the code for calculator&lt;/span&gt;
    
    &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;while&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# loops forever so you can make several calculations without having to press run again&lt;/span&gt;
        
        first_num = int(input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Enter 1st number: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;))  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user for 1st number &lt;/span&gt;

second_num = int(input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Enter 2nd number: &quot;&lt;/span&gt;))  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user for 2nd number&lt;/span&gt;
        operator = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Select operator: +  -  *  /  **  //  &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# asks user for operator&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;+&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# addition&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num + second_num
            print(answer)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;-&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# subtraction&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num - second_num
            print(answer)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;*&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# multiplication&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num * second_num
            print(answer)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;/&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# division&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num / second_num
            print(answer)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;**&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# exponentiation (&quot;to the power of&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num ** second_num
            print(answer)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;elif&lt;/span&gt; operator == &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;//&quot;&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# floor division&lt;/span&gt;
            answer = first_num // second_num
            print(answer)
    
        &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;:  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# if user selects an invalid operator&lt;/span&gt;
            print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Invalid!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

calculator()  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# calls the function &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1010&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1011&quot;&gt;But obviously that is pretty long and full of many &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;elif&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1014&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1015&quot;&gt;Some functions that are useful:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1016&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1017&quot;&gt;“Press ENTER to continue” Prompt:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1019&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1025&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;enter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Press ENTER to continue! &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this is useful for text based adventure games; when they finish reading some text, they can press ENTER and the next part will follow.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# just call the function where you need it&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1026&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1027&quot;&gt;Spacing in between lines function:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1029&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1035&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;space&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    print()
    print()

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# same as pressing ENTER twice, this is useful to make your text a bit more airy, makes it less compact and block like.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1036&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1037&quot;&gt;Slowprint:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1039&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1056&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# first imports:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; time, sys
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; time &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; sleep

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-function&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-title&quot;&gt;sp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-params&quot;&gt;(str)&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; letter &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; str:
    sys.stdout.write(letter)
    sys.stdout.flush()
    time.sleep(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-number&quot;&gt;0.06&lt;/span&gt;)
  print()

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# to use it:&lt;/span&gt;

sp(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello there!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# this will output Hello There! one letter every 0.06 seconds, making it look like the typewriter effect.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1059 data-line-end=1060&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;ANSI_Escape_Codes_1059&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;ANSI&lt;/code&gt; Escape Codes&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1061&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1062&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ANSI&lt;/code&gt; escape codes are for controlling text in the console. You can use it to make what is in the output nicer for the user.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1063&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1064&quot;&gt;For example, you can use &lt;code&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt; for a new line:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1066&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1068&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;name = input(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Enter your name\n&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; &quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1069&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1070&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1072&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1075&quot;&gt;Enter your name
&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; 
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1076&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1077&quot;&gt;This makes it look nice, you can start typing on the little prompt arrows &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1078&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1079&quot;&gt;You can also use &lt;code&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt; for tab:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1081&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1083&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello\tdude&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1084&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1085&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1087&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1089&quot;&gt;Hello   dude
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1090&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1091&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;\v&lt;/code&gt; for vertical tab:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1093&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1095&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;print(&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello\vdude&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1096&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1097&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1099&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1102&quot;&gt;Hello
     dude
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1103&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1104&quot;&gt;You can also have colors in python:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1106&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1133&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;# the ANSI codes are stored in variables, making them easier to use
black = &quot;\033[0;30m&quot;
red = &quot;\033[0;31m&quot;
green = &quot;\033[0;32m&quot;
yellow = &quot;\033[0;33m&quot;
blue = &quot;\033[0;34m&quot;
magenta = &quot;\033[0;35m&quot;
cyan = &quot;\033[0;36m&quot;
white = &quot;\033[0;37m&quot;
bright_black = &quot;\033[0;90m&quot;
bright_red = &quot;\033[0;91m&quot;
bright_green = &quot;\033[0;92m&quot;
bright_yellow = &quot;\033[0;93m&quot;
bright_blue = &quot;\033[0;94m&quot;
bright_magenta = &quot;\033[0;95m&quot;
bright_cyan = &quot;\033[0;96m&quot;
bright_white = &quot;\033[0;97m&quot;

# to use them:
print(red+&quot;Hello&quot;)

# you can also have multiple colors:
print(red+&quot;Hel&quot;+bright_blue+&quot;lo)

# and you can even use it with the slowPrint I mentioned earlier!
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1134&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1135&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.ibb.co/sF2Gbx6/ANSI-output-1.png&quot; alt=&quot;output -1&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;333&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1138&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1139&quot;&gt;And you can have underline and italic:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1141&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1151&quot; class=&quot;language-py&quot;&gt;reset = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;\u001b[0m&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
underline = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;\033[4m&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
italic = &lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;\033[3m&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# to use it:&lt;/span&gt;

print(italic+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Hello &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+reset+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot; there &quot;&lt;/span&gt;+underline+&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-string&quot;&gt;&quot;Mister!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# the reset is for taking away all changes you've made to the text&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hljs-comment&quot;&gt;# it makes the text back to the default color and text decorations.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1152&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1153&quot;&gt;Output:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.ibb.co/R20Wt6K/ANSI-output-2.png&quot; alt=&quot;output -1&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;333&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1159 data-line-end=1160&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Links_Sources_and_Good_Websites_1159&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Links: Sources and Good Websites&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1161 data-line-end=1162&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Sources_1161&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sources:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1163&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1164&quot;&gt;Always good to use a bit of help from here and there!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1165&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1166&quot;&gt;W3 Schools: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp&quot;&gt;https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1166&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1167&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1167&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1169&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h4 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1169 data-line-end=1170&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Good_Websites_you_can_use_1169&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Good Websites you can use:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1171&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1172&quot;&gt;Official website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.python.org/&quot;&gt;https://www.python.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1172&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1173&quot;&gt;W3 Schools: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp&quot;&gt;https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1173&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1174&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm&quot;&gt;https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1174&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1176&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://realpython.com/&quot;&gt;https://realpython.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1176&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1177&quot;&gt;Interactive:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1177&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1178&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.learnpython.org/&quot;&gt;https://www.learnpython.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1178&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1180&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python&quot;&gt;https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1180 data-line-end=1181&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Goodbye_World_End_1180&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;code&gt;Goodbye World!&lt;/code&gt;: End&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;has-line-data&quot; data-line-start=&quot;1182&quot; data-line-end=&quot;1183&quot;&gt;Well, I guess this is the end. I hope y’all have learnt something new/interesting! If you have any questions, please comment and I will try my best to answer them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;code-line&quot; data-line-start=1184 data-line-end=1185&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;Have_a_super_day_everyone_1184&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Have a super day everyone!&lt;/h1&gt;
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